Saltwater Fish Diseases

Marine or saltwater fish are more coveted than the freshwater fish, and most aquarium hobbyists wish to have saltwater fish in their aquarium. But, being an aquarist (fishkeeper) is not an easy task, as taking care of fish requires a lot of skill. Saltwater fish are prone to ill conditions and diseases. Let us have a look at the most common diseases of saltwater fish.

Marine Fish Diseases

Saltwater or marine fish diseases are caused due to a variety of reasons. Some of them can be caused simply due to an unhealthy environment, while others can be caused by saltwater fish parasites like protozoa or worms. The following are saltwater aquarium fish diseases.

Marine Ich
Marine ich is caused by a protozoan named Cryptocaryon irritans. This disease is very easy to recognize as the symptoms include white spots on the skin, gills and eyes of the fish. The other signs include trouble in breathing and cloudy eyes. Stress and lack of maintenance is the main cause of Marine ich in fish. One should remember that Marine ich is fatal and even contagious. Therefore, if you notice these symptoms in any fish, you should immediately quarantine it. Medications containing copper are effective in treating Marine ich at an early age. Marine velvet, another saltwater fish disease, is similar to Marine ich. The symptoms are however different as in case of Marine velvet, the spots are smaller, and even darker than those in case of Marine Ich. However, the treatment for treating both the diseases is similar.

Ammonia Poisoning
As the name suggests, this disease is caused when the amount of ammonia in the water increases. The level of ammonia should be zero as even a little increase in it can cause poisoning in fish. The symptom of ammonia poisoning is that the gills of the fish appear red or inflamed and they try to come out of the water for air. Ammonia poisoning can be treated by changing the water and using chemical neutralizer to reduce the level of ammonia.

Uronema
Uronema disease is caused by a protozoan called Uronema marinum. Symptoms like external ulcers, shedding of the skin and cloudy eyes are observed. Similarly, blood circulation is also impaired which results in the death of the fish. The only treatment for Uronema is a regular freshwater dip (for 5 - 7 minutes) or formalin bath. As the protozoa cannot survive in freshwater, it helps the fish to recover quickly.

Head and Lateral Line Erosion (Hole-in-the-Head)
Nutrition deficiency, poor environment and poor quality of water can give rise to this disease. As the name suggests, symptoms involve development of small spots or holes in the head and along the lateral line of the body. If the disease is not treated quickly, it can result in death of the fish. Therefore, improving the environmental conditions, food and water quality can help in treating this disease. For better results, you can even use vitamin supplements or vitamin enriched food.

Bacterial Fin Rot
Bacterial infection due to poor quality water or stress in fish gives rise to the fin rot disease. Erosion and rotting of the fins is the classic symptom of bacterial fin rot disease. Reddening and bleeding of the fins and the gills, loss of appetite and lethargy are the symptoms observed in the advanced stage. Antibiotics are effective in treating bacterial fin rot disease. On the other hand, good quality water and temperature parameters are essential to prevent the disease.

On a concluding note, we observe that most of the fish diseases can be prevented by ensuring a good quality diet and water. Similarly, daily observance and minimized stress also proves effective in keeping the fish healthy and free of diseases!

Calories in White Rice

White rice is one of the simplest things to make, quick, cheap and convenient, it is a perfect complement to beans, stir-fry or a pot of hot curry. A medium-sized bowl of cooked white rice contains approximately 230 calories, which is just 11% RDA (as per a 2000 calorie diet). Still, it is shunned by nutrition experts as it is loaded with empty carbs. They recommend switching to brown rice, which has more fiber, vitamin B and Iron.

White and brown rice come from the same plant, but the milling process removes the husk, bran and germ of white rice. This is sometimes followed by polishing, which involves rubbing the grains with talc or glucose to give it a shine. This process improves the shelf-life of the grain, and according to some, the texture and taste. But, the husking and especially the polishing process also remove the bran, which contains fiber; and germ, which has a major portion of vitamins and minerals present in rice. Thus, the nutritional value of white rice is drastically reduced. Beriberi, caused due to Vitamin B deficiency, is often seen in people who primarily eat white rice with little variety. To counteract this, many countries require that the lost nutrients be reintroduced. Many manufacturers just add a nutrient powder, which usually washes off during rinsing and so, the nutritional value of enriched and regular cooked rice is not very different.

Counting Calories in White Rice
The table below gives the caloric and nutritional information of one cup of rice; cooked here means, boiled in water without salt.

Variety	Quantity	Calories	Carbohydrate	Proteins	Fiber	Fats	Iron
Long Grain, Raw	185 g	675.3	147.9 g	13.2 g	13.5 g	1.2 g	8 mg
Long Grain, Cooked	158 g	205	44.5 g	4.3 g	4.5 g	0.4 g	1.9 mg
Medium Grain, Raw	195 g	702	154.7 g	12.9 g	14 g	1.1 g	8.5 mg
Medium Grain, Cooked	186 g	241	53.2 g	4.4 g	5 g	0.4 g	2.8 mg
Short Grain, Raw	200 g	716	158.3 g	13 g	14 g	1 g	8.5 mg
Short Grain, Cooked	186 g	241	53.4 g	4.4 g	5 g	0.4 mg	2.7 mg

The Good

• It is low in fats, especially saturated fat.
• It contains no cholesterol.
• Unsalted white rice has no sodium.
• It is a good, low-calorie source of protein.
• Good source of iron, a cup of cooked rice contains approx. 2mg of iron, which is 15% RDA.
• It is easy to digest, so good for a weak or upset stomach.
• As compared to brown rice, white rice requires almost half the cooking time
• Rice is gluten-free, so is a good alternative for those looking to avoid this protein.

The Bad

• White rice has very little fiber.
• It is very high in carbohydrates. A cup of cooked rice contains, approximately 17% RDA of carbohydrates.
• White rice doesn't have many vitamins and minerals.
• The starch in rice quickly converts to glucose, causing a spike in blood sugar.
• It digests quickly, meaning your stomach is grumbling soon, so you eat more and more frequently.

Note to Diabetics: White rice has a very high glycemic index, with some varieties scoring as high as 94 GI, so limit your consumption, considering it an occasional treat, rather than a staple of your diet.

Many people find that brown rice sits too heavy in their stomach, while some just can't get used to its chewy, nutty taste. If you are one of them, and want to continue enjoying the soft and fluffy white rice, just add some green vegetables on the side. Beans, too, are a good addition to balance out the low fiber and vitamin content. Like any other food, moderation and variety is the key, and white rice can easily be a part of a healthy, balanced meal.

Disclaimer: This article is for informative purposes only and does not in any way attempt to replace the advice offered by an expert on the subject.

Types of Fish

Did you know?

Fish have the distinction of being the first vertebrates on Earth. They were the ones who provided the very basic blueprint for all kinds of body structures which have evolved since then (of course, with a lot of changes to suit the needs of each respective species)!The recorded evolution of fish dates back almost 500 million years, when the first fish-like creatures made their appearance. These were a prequel to the actual fish according to experts, because they lacked a proper bony or cartilaginous backbone. From these fish-like creatures the first accepted fish developed - the jaw-less fish! From then on, there was no looking back for these unassuming creatures, as today there are more than thousands of varieties of fish and they all owe their existence to these jaw-less ancestors. And come to think of it, today only two varieties of jaw-less fish exist - the hagfish and the lampreys.

The jaw-less fish evolved into 3 groups of jawed fish - plated skin fish, bony fish, and cartilaginous fish. The first group, the plated skin fish, did not survive for long and eventually became extinct after a few years. Other than the hagfish and the lampreys, all remaining fish belong to the remaining two categories - boneless and cartilaginous. There are over 32,000 known species of fish in the world. Out of them, almost 27,000 species include bony fish. 970 species out of the remaining include rays, sharks and chimeras and 108 lampreys and hagfish.

Classification

1. According to Species
2. According to Habitat

Other Categories

1. Aquarium Fish
2. Food Fish
3. Interesting/Strange Fish

* Click on the images to enlarge, and mouseover for the name.

Classification
According to Species
The American Fisheries Association gives the following 3 classes of fish:

1. Agnatha: This is the most primitive class of fish. They have no jaws, and undeveloped backbones. They are also known as Jawless Fish. Only two groups are still surviving in this class - hagfish and lampreys.
2. Chondrichthyes: This class of fish has jaws, and is characterized by their cartilaginous skeletons, and the lack of bones in their body. This class is divided into three types - sharks, skates, and rays.
3. Osteichthyes: These too, are jawed fish, and have partly or wholly bony skeletons and no cartilage. This class is subdivided into two subclasses -
   1. Sarcopterygii - which are the lobe-finned fishes, and
   2. Actinopterygii - which are the ray-finned fishes.
   A few of the ray-finned fishes left their water abode and ventured onto the land, thus becoming the ancestors for all terrestrial vertebrates.

1. Agnatha (Jawless Fish)
These jawless creatures are very primitive in nature. Not only do they lack jaws, most of the species in the two surviving groups also do not have a defined stomach, fins, or the ability to regulate their own body temperature (i.e. they are ectothermic). There is not too much information available about their mating or reproductive habits, but fertilization is believed to be external. While hagfish feed mainly on dead animals, lampreys mainly feed off other fish.

Hagfish
Lampreys

2. Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish)
This class of fish, as the name says, possess a cartilaginous skeleton. The young are born with a notochord, which is gradually replaced by cartilage. They have scales, gills, and paired fins. Although they have a skeleton, chondrichthyes do lack a ribcage, which means if taken out of water these creatures will die because their body weight will crush their internal organs. They also lack bone marrow. A heterocercal (where the top lobe is larger in size than the bottom lobe) tail in sharks, helps them in locomotion.

Sharks
Rays
Skates

3. Osteichthyes (Bony Fish)
Fish in this class possess a bony skeleton, gills as well as an operculum which enables them to breathe when they are resting. Many species have swim bladders (a gas-filled organ which helps the fish control buoyancy). Other than a few exceptions, the fish in this class are ectothermic. Although the primary organ for respiration is gills, most of the species are also able to breathe through either lungs/swim-bladders/stomach/skin or intestines! Based on their feeding patterns, osteichthyes are classified into the following 4 groups:

1. Herbivores
2. Carnivores
3. Omnivores
4. Detritivores

Oarfish
Flying Fish
Milkfish
Filefish

One of the main ingredients used in the manufacturing of lipsticks is fish scales! Majority of the brands use it for making their lipsticks to get that shimmery effect, and it is something you may want to keep in mind the next time you apply a generous layer on your lips!
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According to Habitat
According to habitat, there are again three classes of fish:

1. Freshwater Fish
2. Marine Fish
3. Migrating Fish

A few examples of each of these classes are given below, although they are by no means all the fish in that particular category.

1. Freshwater Fish
Freshwater fish are adapted to survive in very low levels of salinity. They require less than 0.05% level of salinity to survive. These fish have to do some extra work as compared to their saline water counterparts, because they have to utilize the very low levels of salt found in freshwater optimally, to maintain their internal body salt balance. Their main physical adaptations are scales on their body, and very well-developed kidneys. The scales help reduce water diffusion through their bodies, while the kidneys help to retain salts as much as possible. Quite a few of the freshwater species are now endangered due to water pollution caused by humans.

Puffer Fish
Piranha
Cat Fish
Swordtail Fish
Archer Fish
Cichlid
Butterfly Fish
Discus Fish

2. Marine Fish
Marine fish are typically adapted to water which has an average pH level of 8.2. Usually, these fish are characterized by brilliant colors and many different physical adaptations, which makes it easier for them to protect themselves from their predators. Marine fish are classified into three types, based on their feeding habits:

1. Herbivorous
2. Carnivorous
3. Omnivorous

Cardinal Fish
Surgeon Fish
Tang Fish
Damsel Fish
Hawk Fish
Grouper
Squirrel Fish
Nurse Shark

3. Migrating Fish
Fish migrate for various reasons, but according to research the top reasons are reproduction and diet. Migrating fish can travel huge distances of thousands of kilometers. Some forage fish migrate in triangles, in the sense that they have three stops (they migrate from stop 1 to stop 2, stop 2 to stop 3, and stop 3 back to stop1), which are generally at the tips of a triangle shape. Migrating fish can be divided into 2 types:

1. Catadromous:
   These are the fish which are born in marine/saline water, but migrate to freshwater sources to spend the major part of their lives.
2. Anadromous:
   These fish follow the exact opposite pattern - they are born in freshwater, but migrate to salt water bodies to spend most part of their adult lives. They return to freshwater bodies when they want to reproduce.

Tuna
Salmon
Dolphin
Sail Fish
Char
Trout
Capelin Fish
Bullshark

Two of the most popular "fish", the jellyfish and starfish do not actually belong to the fish family, irrespective of what their names say!
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Other Categories
Aquarium Fish
Aquarium fish are becoming exponentially popular by the day as more and more people want to keep aquariums in their homes. But it is not as easy as getting fish from the pet store and keeping them in a bowl. Aquarium fish are also further classified into three categories, based on the kind of environment they need to be able to survive and thrive. These three categories are described below.

1. Freshwater Aquarium Fish
Freshwater aquarium fish require very little maintenance once their basic needs are looked after. They need a minimum level of salinity to survive. Hence addition of salt is quite unnecessary, but there are varied opinions on the topic. Temperature of the water should be maintained between 24C to 28C. The surface area should be decided based on how many fish are going to be kept in the aquarium so as to provide enough oxygenation to the water. It is necessary to provide some furnishings in the aquarium to make it interesting for the fish and also to stimulate them.

Fighting Fish
Clown Loach
Lyretail Molly
Bala Shark
Koi Carp
Hatchet Fish

2. Marine Aquarium Fish
Marine aquarium fish have slightly stricter requirements in terms of the water pH, alkalinity, temperature, etc., and hence the cost of maintaining marine fish species is more than what is required for freshwater species. All marine aquarium fish species require a pH level of 8.2 to 8.4 to be able to survive. Also, regular filtration is required and in case of marine aquariums, it is a complicated process. Usually these fish prefer natural sunlight or fluorescent light.
*Temperate marine fish require a temperature range of 10C to 24C, while tropical marine fish require a temperature range of 24C to 28C.

Trigger Fish
Seahorse
Gramma Fish
Mandarin Fish
Wrasse
Ribbon Eel

3. Brackish Aquarium Fish
Brackish fish species need a temperature range of 22C to 28C. Their main requirement is that. Salinity levels can be varied depending on which species are being kept, but all brackish fish species are well adapted to tolerate varying levels of salinity quite efficiently! One interesting thing to keep in mind is that brackish aquarium fish species tend to jump, and hence the tank must be kept covered at all times to prevent them from jumping out of the tank! Varying the salinity on a regular basis will help in maintaining good health of the fish.

Sailfin Molly
Ghost Goby
Indian Glassy Fish
Orange Chromide
Mudskipper
American Flagfish

Although records are varied, the pre-historic fish, called Leedsichthys are believed to be the largest fish that ever lived. While some paleontologists say that it was only around 30-40 feet in length and weighed approximately 10 tons, there are others who argue that it was more than 70 feet in length and could weight as much as 50 tons! These humungous creatures had more than 40,000 teeth, but you'll be surprised to know that their diet was mainly, and probably only, plankton. The closest in size to these giants, amongst the existing fish, are whale sharks, which are almost 65 feet in length and weight around 38-40 tons.
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Food Fish
Fish are not only delicious to taste, they offer scores of health benefits which can do you a world of good in the long term! Consumption of fish on a regular basis can help in prevention of various types of cancers, cardio-vascular diseases, skin, and hair problems, and they also help in keeping the brain stimulated. But behold, because this is just the tip of the iceberg. There are many more reasons why a diet rich in fish is good for you, some of them being:

• Firstly, fish is one of the richest sources of omega-3 fatty acid which helps in lowering blood pressure, as well as maintaining a normal heart rate.
• Fish have a low content of fats and calories, while being a rich source of proteins.
• Fish has fatty acids which aid in faster growth of hair, contribute to making hair stronger and shinier, and also aid in the production of collagen which helps in reducing wrinkles and thus delaying the appearance of old age.
• Fish are an amazing source of minerals and vitamins. They contain calcium, which helps in maintaining healthy teeth and bones, help in growth and metabolism, and also help in keeping the eyes healthy.

Again, these are just a few of the health benefits of consuming fish regularly. They help in so many ways, why not make them a regular in your diet? The fact that they are delicious to taste only adds to their appeal!

Shown below are a few of the most popular food fish.

Snapper Fish
Pacific Saury
Sable Fish (Barracod)
Bass
Dory
Cray Fish
Pompano
Wolf Fish
Walleye
Sturgeon
Barracuda
Conger Eel
Mullet
Scallop
Dog Fish
Monk Fish

Although it sounds incredulous, fish can drown! Fish need a certain amount of oxygen in the water that they are living in, and if they do not get the required amount of oxygen, they can and will drown!
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Interesting/Strange Fish
Since I can go on and on about this category, let me attempt to be brief. Most of the fish included in this category have self-explanatory names, while some have developed weird physical traits, while still others have developed such excellent camouflaged bodies that you wouldn't know they were fish if you weren't told so! The fish in this category deserve a lot of credit for doing their best to come tops in the "survival of the fittest", and you can see the lengths to which some of them have gone to, in terms of physical structure and adaptations, to help themselves. Take a look at some of these fascinating creatures!

Stone Fish
Frog Fish
Longhorn Cowfish
Scorpion Fish
Saw Fish
Bat Fish
Unicorn Fish
Ghost Pipefish
Weedy Sea Dragon
Leafy Sea Dragon
Sun Fish
Blob Fish
Cuttle Fish
Crocodile Fish
Flat Fish
Angler Fish
Lion Fish
Box Fish
Stargazer
Needle Fish
Spiny Devilfish
Pancake Fish
Guitar Fish
Trumpet Fish

Seahorses are fascinating creatures. Here are 4 reasons why...

1. They have excellent camouflage ability and can change their color to match their surroundings.
2. Seahorses are one of only two classes of fish that can swim vertically, the other being shrimpfish/razorfish.
3. Seahorses have eyes that can move independently of each other. So while one eye looks back, the other can look in the front or sideways!
4. In seahorses, it is the male who gets pregnant! The female deposits her eggs into the pouch of the male, where he fertilizes them, and carries them till they are ready to hatch. The male seahorse provides prolactin to the eggs, while the pouch regulates the temperature and salinity of water and also provides oxygen to the eggs.

Amongst all types of fishes, freshwater fishes seem to be the most vulnerable when it comes to being endangered. Overall, the IUCN Red List has listed more than 1000 species of fish which are on the verge of extinction. The reasons are, of course, water pollution, habitat destruction, overfishing, and sometimes introduction of species in different habitats than the ones that they are used to. Rigorous measures need to be undertaken to ensure that these listed species are soon out of the list, and safe and sound in their natural habitats.